Google Summer of Code ‘25: CarbonCast

Under the mentorship of Professor Abel Souza, my Google Summer of Code (GSoC) ‘25 proposal is centered around building upon CarbonCast to create an API to enable user access and utilization of energy data in optimizing their electricity consumption.

What is CarbonCast?

CarbonCast is a machine-learning-based approach that provides multi-day forecasts of the electrical grid’s carbon intensity. Developed in Python, the current version of CarbonCast delivers accurate forecasts in numerous regions by using historical energy production data of a particular geographical region, time of day/year, and weather forecasts as features. However, there is no easy way to access, visualize and utilize the data through a standard interface. In addition, much important information is left out and is not available to users. For instance, electricity grids often import electricity from neighboring regions and so electricity consumption depends on both electricity generation and imports. Moreover, it is imperative for each energy source to utilize a tailored predictive mechanism. Consequently, any carbon optimization solution trying to reduce carbon emissions due to its electricity consumption will benefit more from following a consumption-based carbon intensity signal.

Unlike other third party carbon services, CarbonCast’s model is open-sourced, allowing users to study, understand, and improve its behavior. This transparency invites public collaboration and innovation. It also contrasts sharply with proprietary services that often withhold both the logic behind their models and the data they are trained on.

Why This Matters?

Electricity usage is one of the largest contributors to carbon emissions globally. Carbon intensity, the amount of carbon emitted per kilowatt-hour of electricity consumed, varies based on how electricity is generated and demanded (for example, coal versus solar). With better visibility into when the grid is cleaner, individuals and organizations can shift their energy consumption to lower-carbon periods and lower prices. This enables everyday energy optimizations without compromising comfort or productivity.

By improving CarbonCast’s accessibility and functionality, we are helping people and institutions answer questions like:

• When is the best time to charge my EV to reduce environmental impact?

• Can I run my energy-hungry server jobs when the electricity is cheaper?

• How do I actually reduce my emissions without guessing?

With open and easy to deploy tools, individuals can make better-informed decisions to optimize their energy footprint.

What I’m Building?

The plan for this summer is to develop the backend API services for CarbonCast. This summer, I’m focused on two major goals:

1) Geographical Expansion

I am extending CarbonCast’s compatibility to support more regional electricity grids. Each model will be customized for local grid behavior and renewable energy characteristics. This involves tuning the model pipeline to adapt to each region’s energy mix, weather patterns, and reporting granularity.

2) System Refactoring and Modularity

The original CarbonCast system was built as a research artifact. To refine it into production-grade infrastructure, I am refactoring the codebase to improve modularity. This makes it easier to plug in new regions, update forecasting algorithms, and integrate new data sources.

Impact Beyond Research

The paper that inspired this project, Multi-day Forecasting of Electric Grid Carbon Intensity using Machine Learning, pioneered the idea of forecasting carbon intensity over multiple days using a hierarchical machine learning model. This goes beyond the typical 24-hour day-ahead models that are common in the industry and allows for better planning and longer-term decision-making.

CarbonCast builds directly on that foundation by transforming research into practical, real-world infrastructure. It is an open-source platform that anyone can run, contribute to, and benefit from. Whether you’re a developer building carbon-aware applications, a policymaker working on grid decarbonization strategies, or a sustainability-conscious individual looking to reduce your carbon footprint, CarbonCast provides the tools to make informed, impactful choices.

Looking Ahead

I am excited to contribute to a project that blends machine learning, systems engineering, sustainability, and public impact. My goal is to help make it easier for everyone to see, understand, and act on their carbon footprint.